In July 2025, North Macedonia adopted a new Law on Electronic Communications, replacing the 2014 legislation and laying the foundation for a modern digital framework. The new law aligns the national regulatory environment with key European Union instruments, including Directive (EU) 2018/1972 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code (CELEX No. 32018L1972) and Regulation (EU) 2024/1309 on measures to reduce the cost of deploying gigabit electronic communications networks (CELEX No. 32024R1309). It introduces a series of important reforms aimed at strengthening consumer rights, fostering market competition, and facilitating the rollout of next-generation infrastructure, including 5G networks.
Toward More Competitive and Dynamic Telecom Markets
The new Law on Electronic Communications introduces a more dynamic and flexible framework for assessing competition in the electronic communications sector. The new law empowers the Agency for Electronic Communications to conduct regular analyses of relevant product and geographic markets. These assessments must consider the recommendations of the European Commission and, where appropriate, be carried out in cooperation with the national competition authority.
When analyzing a relevant market, the agency must evaluate its potential evolution in the absence of regulation, considering several factors: the likelihood of effective competition developing, the existence of any significant competition restrictions at the wholesale or retail level (regardless of their source), other applicable legal obligations affecting the market, and regulatory measures already imposed on related markets. This analytical framework reflects a more forward-looking and proportionate approach, aligning Macedonian practice with EU standards while ensuring that regulatory intervention is justified and targeted.
Fast-Tracking 5G Infrastructure and Access
One of the law’s central features is the simplification of administrative procedures for deploying electronic communications infrastructure. Operators now benefit from harmonized permitting rules and significantly reduced bureaucracy, creating a more predictable and efficient regulatory environment. These improvements are expected to accelerate investment in network infrastructure and foster the development of new technologies. The new framework may also incentivize the entrance of new providers into the market. In the long run, these measures will support the expansion of high-speed and ultra-high-speed internet access, drive innovation, and unlock new digital opportunities for the country.
New Rules on Wi-Fi and Local Access Networks
A major innovation introduced by the new law is the regulation of Radio Local Area Networks (RLANs), including most Wi-Fi systems. For the first time, operators are explicitly allowed to offer public internet access through RLANs located on private premises, with the consent of the end-user.
In parallel, the law supports the deployment of short-range wireless access points – small-scale devices essential for dense urban 5G and public Wi-Fi coverage. These can be installed without building permits, except in protected or sensitive areas. Public institutions are obliged to allow reasonable access to physical infrastructure – such as lamp posts, bus stops, or public buildings – for the purpose of installing these devices. This not only accelerates deployment but also reduces costs for operators and municipalities.
Modern Spectrum and Public Warning Capabilities
Beyond connectivity, the law also mandates the introduction of a Public Warning System that enables authorities to send mass emergency alerts via mobile networks. Operators must ensure their systems are technically capable of delivering real-time alerts, enhancing the country’s disaster preparedness and aligning with EU civil protection standards. The law further expands emergency communications by requiring support for text messages and video calls to emergency numbers, as well as enhanced caller location accuracy. This significantly strengthens public safety and ensures faster, more informed emergency responses.
Building on Strong Digital Infrastructure
While many of the changes introduced by the law are regulatory in nature, their long-term effect will be highly practical. North Macedonia already enjoys a relatively high level of mobile broadband coverage and internet access compared to other countries in the Western Balkans. The new legal framework helps consolidate this advantage and creates space for the country to become a regional digital frontrunner.
The new law fosters a level playing field for operators while empowering local communities to participate in digital development. With clear rules for 5G, spectrum, and local connectivity, the country is now better equipped to bridge the digital divide and strengthen its competitiveness in the information age.
As implementation begins, success will depend on close coordination between the regulator, public authorities, operators, and civil society. But the legal groundwork is in place, and the digital opportunities ahead are considerable.
By Ivana Jevtic Nikolova, Partner, JPM & Partners Skopje
This article was originally published in Issue 12.7 of the CEE Legal Matters Magazine. If you would like to receive a hard copy of the magazine, you can subscribe here.
