On October 16, the Ministry of Finance published draft amendments of, as many as, 7 laws in the field of taxation, with an invitation to interested parties to submit comments, suggestions and objections to the published drafts by October 23. In addition to tax laws, drafts and amendments to the Law on Public Property and the Law on Republic Administrative Fees were published.

REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts), the investment structure focused on real estate assets and related revenues generated by them has been implemented and used around the world due to the advantages brought to its investors.

On 10^th October 2024, the Commission for the Protection of Competition (“Commission”) initiated an ex officio investigation proceedings for potential antitrust violation involving DELHAIZE SERBIA DRUŠTVO SA OGRANIČENOM ODGOVORNOŠĆU BEOGRAD (NOVI BEOGRAD), Mercator-S DOO BEOGRAD, UNIVEREXPORT EXPORT-IMPORT DOO, and DIS DOO KRNJEVO (“Companies”).

In recent years, Ukraine has experienced a significant shift towards digitalization, with the advent of electronic identification (eID) means and trust services being a pivotal element of this revolutionary transformation. As Ukraine endeavours to embrace technology-driven solutions, eID means and trust services - enabling, inter alia, electronic signatures (eSignatures) - have emerged as readily accessible and efficient alternatives to traditional handwriting methods, thereby streamlining processes, minimizing reliance on paper-based documentation, and eliminating the need for the physical presence of signatories in one place.

On October 22nd, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) issued a precedent-setting ruling in the Kolin Inşaat Turizm Sanayi ve Ticaret case (C-652/22 – the “Kolin case”). This is of crucial importance to contractors engaging or aiming to engage in the public procurement market of the European Union (“EU”), who originate from countries outside of the EU that are not party to international agreements with the EU which would formally admit such contractors to public tenders in the EU.

The National Bank of Hungary (NBH) introduced a new guideline No. NBH's 9/2024, also known as the ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) Guideline. This initiative aims to help financial institutions incorporate sustainability considerations into their risk management processes. The Guideline seeks to standardise the collection and assessment of ESG information, thereby enhancing predictability in legal compliance and reducing administrative burdens for businesses applying for credit.

The new Waste Management Law of Montenegro (“the Law”), which came into force on April 12, 2024, represents a step further towards harmonizing Montenegrin legislation with the acquis communautaire, namely key European Union (“EU”) directives in the area of waste management.

AI is increasingly revolutionizing the way businesses handle recruitment, hiring, management and employee monitoring etc. AI solutions are already adept at personalizing employee experiences, such as benefits and training, streamlining HR processes throughout the employment lifecycle, boosting efficiency and significantly reducing administrative burdens. Additionally, AI provides critical workforce insights, facilitating data-driven decision-making and management. However, these advancements also bring potential risks related to discrimination, protection of privacy, and other fundamental rights that employers must carefully manage.

It will soon be twenty years since Regulation 261[1] came into force, which introduced an unprecedented level of protection for air passengers and was supposed to provide much greater protection in cases of denied boarding, cancellation, or long delays. So, has the (in)famous Regulation 261 served its purpose?

The Law on Management of Companies Owned by the Republic of Serbia (hereinafter: the Law) came into force on 16 September 2024 in full. This Law was adopted in accordance with the recommendations that the Republic of Serbia received from the International Monetary Fund in order to corporatization, improve management and change the legal form of enterprises in the Republic of Serbia.

Under Albanian law, employment intermediary activities are carried out by two types of agencies. The first type consists of “Recruitment Agencies,” which facilitate the hiring of individuals to work for a third party. The second type includes “Temporary Employment Agencies” (TEAs), which recruit and hire individuals for temporary assignments with host companies while keeping them on the agency’s payroll.

The Czech Class Actions Act[1] became effective on 1 July 2024. Previous articles have provided an overview of key aspects of the new legislation and subjects of these proceedings. This part will focus on the challenges related to the publicity of class actions and explore ways in which companies, as defendants, can protect themselves from negative impacts.

The long-standing dispute between Illumina/GRAIL and the European Commission has now ended. The Court of Justice has set definitive limits on the broad interpretation of Article 22 of Council Regulation No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings.

Recently, the Parliament of Montenegro has amended the labour regulations by adopting two amendments to the Labour Law in August and September 2024, and by adopting the amendments to the Law on Contributions for Mandatory Social Insurance in September 2024.

The Government of the Republic of Serbia has proposed amendments to the Law on Public Notaries ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 31/2011, 85/2012, 19/2013, 55/2014 - other law, 93/2014 - other law, 121/ 2014, 6/2015 and 106/2015) with the purpose of introducing the obligation to solemnize monetary loan agreements between natural persons in the amount of EUR 10,000 and higher.

Startups are newly established companies usually founded by entrepreneurs who develop a product, service, or business model with the aim of solving a specific problem or addressing a gap in the market. These companies usually start with limited revenue, and they are looking after angel investors, venture capitalists or especially allocated funds for startups.

The amendments to the Bulgarian Public Health Act (PHA), introduced on 8 October 2024, are aimed at modernising the healthcare system, enhancing data management and improving patient care. They prioritise the transition to electronic health records (EHR), regulate telemedicine, and introduce a digital scheduling system for medical appointments. This article provides a high-level overview of the amendments.

Convertible loans have emerged as a pivotal financial instrument for start-ups navigating the challenging terrain of early-stage funding (pre-seed and seed), also called angel investment. These loans are a hybrid of debt and equity financing, offering a unique solution for companies that are not yet ready for a formal valuation or are seeking to bridge funding gaps between capital-raising rounds.