A creditor has forgiven part of a debtor's debt on the condition that the debtor will make every effort to avoid insolvency and repay at least the remaining, unforgiven part. However, the creditor also set a resolutive condition: if the debtor were to become insolvent (i.e. the court declared it bankrupt), the debt forgiveness agreement was to be void from the outset and the debtor would be obliged to repay the debt in full.

On October 22nd, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) issued a precedent-setting ruling in the Kolin Inşaat Turizm Sanayi ve Ticaret case (C-652/22 – the “Kolin case”). This is of crucial importance to contractors engaging or aiming to engage in the public procurement market of the European Union (“EU”), who originate from countries outside of the EU that are not party to international agreements with the EU which would formally admit such contractors to public tenders in the EU.

KWKR has successfully represented Van der Vorm Vastgoed before the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland regarding inconsistent tax rates.

Zamfirescu Racoti Vasile & Partners and Clifford Chance have successfully represented Premier Energy in a first-instance court dispute against Azomures over a natural gas supply contract.

The Czech Class Actions Act[1] became effective on 1 July 2024. Previous articles have provided an overview of key aspects of the new legislation and subjects of these proceedings. This part will focus on the challenges related to the publicity of class actions and explore ways in which companies, as defendants, can protect themselves from negative impacts.

The long-standing dispute between Illumina/GRAIL and the European Commission has now ended. The Court of Justice has set definitive limits on the broad interpretation of Article 22 of Council Regulation No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings.